قفل‌های متقابل (Mutex)، قفل‌ها و ناحیه‌های بحرانی

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
#include <vector>

std::mutex mtx;
int shared_counter = 0;

void increment(int times) {
    for (int i = 0; i < times; ++i) {
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mtx);  // RAII lock
        ++shared_counter;  // safe: only one thread at a time
    }  // lock released here automatically
}

int main() {
    std::vector<std::thread> threads;
    for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
        threads.emplace_back(increment, 10000);
    }
    for (auto& t : threads) {
        t.join();
    }
    std::cout << "Counter: " << shared_counter << "\n";
    // Always prints 100000 — no data race
    return 0;
}

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
#include <chrono>

std::mutex mtx;

void try_lock_example() {
    // Deferred locking — don't lock yet
    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx, std::defer_lock);

    // Try to lock with a timeout
    if (lock.try_lock_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(100))) {
        std::cout << "Acquired lock\n";
        // ... do work ...
    } else {
        std::cout << "Could not acquire lock within 100ms\n";
    }
    // Automatically unlocks when lock goes out of scope
}

void manual_control() {
    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx);
    // ... critical section ...
    lock.unlock();  // release early if needed
    // ... non-critical work ...
    lock.lock();    // re-acquire
    // ... another critical section ...
}

#include <mutex>
#include <thread>
#include <iostream>

struct BankAccount {
    std::mutex mtx;
    double balance = 1000.0;
};

void transfer(BankAccount& from, BankAccount& to, double amount) {
    // Lock both mutexes without risk of deadlock
    std::scoped_lock lock(from.mtx, to.mtx);

    if (from.balance >= amount) {
        from.balance -= amount;
        to.balance += amount;
        std::cout << "Transferred " << amount << "\n";
    }
}  // both mutexes released

int main() {
    BankAccount alice, bob;

    // These two transfers lock accounts in different order,
    // but scoped_lock prevents deadlock.
    std::thread t1(transfer, std::ref(alice), std::ref(bob), 100.0);
    std::thread t2(transfer, std::ref(bob), std::ref(alice), 50.0);

    t1.join();
    t2.join();

    std::cout << "Alice: " << alice.balance
              << ", Bob: " << bob.balance << "\n";
    return 0;
}

#include <shared_mutex>
#include <mutex>
#include <thread>
#include <iostream>
#include <map>
#include <string>

class ThreadSafeCache {
    mutable std::shared_mutex smtx_;
    std::map<std::string, int> data_;
public:
    int read(const std::string& key) const {
        std::shared_lock lock(smtx_);  // multiple readers OK
        auto it = data_.find(key);
        return it != data_.end() ? it->second : -1;
    }

    void write(const std::string& key, int value) {
        std::unique_lock lock(smtx_);  // exclusive access
        data_[key] = value;
    }
};