एटॉमिक ऑपरेशन और मेमोरी ऑर्डरिंग

#include <iostream>
#include <atomic>
#include <thread>
#include <vector>

std::atomic<int> counter{0};  // atomic integer, initialized to 0

void increment(int n) {
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        counter.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
        // or simply: ++counter;  (uses seq_cst by default)
    }
}

int main() {
    std::vector<std::thread> threads;
    for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
        threads.emplace_back(increment, 100'000);
    }
    for (auto& t : threads) t.join();

    std::cout << "Counter: " << counter.load() << "\n";
    // Always prints 1000000 — no data race, no mutex needed
    return 0;
}

#include <iostream>
#include <atomic>
#include <thread>
#include <cassert>

std::atomic<bool> data_ready{false};
int payload = 0;  // non-atomic — protected by acquire-release

void producer() {
    payload = 42;  // write payload BEFORE the release store
    data_ready.store(true, std::memory_order_release);
    // release: all writes before this store are visible
    // to a thread that does an acquire load of data_ready
}

void consumer() {
    while (!data_ready.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        // spin — acquire: sees all writes before the release store
    }
    // guaranteed to see payload == 42
    assert(payload == 42);  // never fires
    std::cout << "Payload: " << payload << "\n";
}

int main() {
    std::thread t1(producer);
    std::thread t2(consumer);
    t1.join();
    t2.join();
    return 0;
}

#include <iostream>
#include <atomic>
#include <thread>
#include <vector>

std::atomic<int> max_value{0};

void update_max(int new_val) {
    int current = max_value.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
    // CAS loop: keep trying until we succeed or new_val is not bigger
    while (new_val > current) {
        if (max_value.compare_exchange_weak(
                current,    // expected (updated on failure)
                new_val,    // desired
                std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
            break;  // success
        }
        // On failure, 'current' is updated with the actual value
        // Loop re-checks if new_val > current (maybe another thread won)
    }
}

int main() {
    std::vector<std::thread> threads;
    for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i) {
        threads.emplace_back(update_max, i);
    }
    for (auto& t : threads) t.join();

    std::cout << "Max: " << max_value.load() << "\n";  // always 99
    return 0;
}

#include <iostream>
#include <atomic>
#include <thread>
#include <vector>

class SpinLock {
    std::atomic_flag flag_ = ATOMIC_FLAG_INIT;
public:
    void lock() {
        while (flag_.test_and_set(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
            // spin — consider adding a pause/yield hint:
            // __builtin_ia32_pause() or std::this_thread::yield()
        }
    }
    void unlock() {
        flag_.clear(std::memory_order_release);
    }
};

SpinLock spin;
int shared_data = 0;

void work(int n) {
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        spin.lock();
        ++shared_data;  // protected by spinlock
        spin.unlock();
    }
}

int main() {
    std::vector<std::thread> threads;
    for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
        threads.emplace_back(work, 100'000);
    }
    for (auto& t : threads) t.join();
    std::cout << "shared_data: " << shared_data << "\n";
    // prints 400000
    return 0;
}