परफ़ेक्ट फ़ॉरवर्डिंग और std::forward

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <utility>
#include <chrono>

// The function we want to wrap
void process(const std::string& s) {
    std::cout << "process(lvalue): " << s << '\n';
}
void process(std::string&& s) {
    std::cout << "process(rvalue): " << s << '\n';
    // Can steal s's resources since it's an rvalue
}

// Generic wrapper that perfectly forwards
template <typename T>
void timed_process(T&& arg) {
    auto start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();

    // std::forward<T>(arg) preserves the original value category
    process(std::forward<T>(arg));

    auto elapsed = std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - start;
    std::cout << "Took: " << elapsed.count() << " ns\n";
}

int main() {
    std::string name = "Alice";
    timed_process(name);              // T = string&,  forwards as lvalue
    timed_process(std::string("Bob")); // T = string, forwards as rvalue
    timed_process("Charlie");          // T = const char(&)[8], forwards as lvalue
}

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <utility>

struct Employee {
    std::string name;
    int age;
    Employee(std::string n, int a) : name(std::move(n)), age(a) {
        std::cout << "Constructed: " << name << '\n';
    }
    Employee(const Employee&) { std::cout << "Copied\n"; }
    Employee(Employee&&) noexcept { std::cout << "Moved\n"; }
};

// Custom factory using variadic forwarding
template <typename T, typename... Args>
std::vector<T> make_vector_of(Args&&... args) {
    std::vector<T> v;
    // Fold expression (C++17) + emplace_back
    (v.emplace_back(std::forward<Args>(args)), ...);
    return v;
}

int main() {
    std::vector<Employee> team;

    // push_back: creates temporary, then MOVES it into vector
    team.push_back(Employee("Alice", 30));
    // Output: Constructed: Alice, Moved

    // emplace_back: constructs IN-PLACE — no copy, no move
    team.emplace_back("Bob", 25);
    // Output: Constructed: Bob

    std::cout << "---\n";
    // Variadic forwarding
    auto v = make_vector_of<std::string>("hello", std::string("world"), "!");
    for (const auto& s : v) std::cout << s << ' ';
    std::cout << '\n';
}