C++20 रेंज: एक नया पैराडाइम

#include <algorithm>
#include <ranges>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>

struct Employee {
    std::string name;
    int age;
    double salary;
};

int main() {
    std::vector<int> nums = {5, 3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6};

    // Pass the container directly — no begin/end needed
    std::ranges::sort(nums);
    // nums: {1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 9}

    // find returns a borrowed iterator (safe with temporary ranges)
    auto it = std::ranges::find(nums, 4);
    if (it != nums.end()) {
        std::cout << "Found: " << *it << '\n';
    }

    // count_if with ranges
    auto even_count = std::ranges::count_if(nums, [](int x) { return x % 2 == 0; });
    std::cout << "Even count: " << even_count << '\n';  // 3

    // min/max on entire range
    auto [min_it, max_it] = std::ranges::minmax_element(nums);
    std::cout << "Min: " << *min_it << ", Max: " << *max_it << '\n';

    // Sorting employees by salary (descending)
    std::vector<Employee> team = {
        {"Alice", 30, 95000},
        {"Bob", 25, 72000},
        {"Charlie", 35, 110000},
    };
    std::ranges::sort(team, std::ranges::greater{}, &Employee::salary);
    // Charlie (110k), Alice (95k), Bob (72k)

    for (const auto& e : team) {
        std::cout << e.name << ": $" << e.salary << '\n';
    }
}

#include <algorithm>
#include <ranges>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
#include <cctype>

int main() {
    // Sort strings case-insensitively using a projection
    std::vector<std::string> words = {"Banana", "apple", "Cherry", "date"};

    std::ranges::sort(words, {}, [](const std::string& s) {
        std::string lower = s;
        std::transform(lower.begin(), lower.end(), lower.begin(),
                       [](char c) { return std::tolower(c); });
        return lower;
    });
    // words: {"apple", "Banana", "Cherry", "date"}
    // Original strings preserved, sorted by lowercase version

    for (const auto& w : words) std::cout << w << ' ';
    std::cout << '\n';

    // Using member pointer as projection
    struct Point { int x, y; };
    std::vector<Point> points = {{3, 1}, {1, 5}, {2, 3}};

    // Sort by x coordinate
    std::ranges::sort(points, {}, &Point::x);
    // points: {{1,5}, {2,3}, {3,1}}

    // Find max by y coordinate
    auto max_y = std::ranges::max_element(points, {}, &Point::y);
    std::cout << "Max y: (" << max_y->x << ", " << max_y->y << ")\n";  // (1, 5)

    // Binary search with projection
    bool found = std::ranges::binary_search(points, 2, {}, &Point::x);
    std::cout << std::boolalpha << "Has x=2: " << found << '\n';  // true
}