C++20 कॉन्सेप्ट और कंस्ट्रेंट

#include <concepts>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

// Define a concept: T must support +, ==, and copy construction
template <typename T>
concept Addable = requires(T a, T b) {
    { a + b } -> std::convertible_to<T>;  // a+b must return something convertible to T
    { a == b } -> std::convertible_to<bool>; // must be comparable
    requires std::copy_constructible<T>;     // nested requirement
};

// Concept for types that have .size() and .empty()
template <typename T>
concept Sizable = requires(const T& t) {
    { t.size() } -> std::convertible_to<std::size_t>;
    { t.empty() } -> std::convertible_to<bool>;
};

// Use the concept to constrain a template
template <Addable T>
T sum_three(T a, T b, T c) {
    return a + b + c;
}

template <Sizable Container>
void report_size(const Container& c) {
    std::cout << "Size: " << c.size()
              << (c.empty() ? " (empty)" : "") << '\n';
}

int main() {
    std::cout << sum_three(1, 2, 3)       << '\n'; // 6
    std::cout << sum_three(1.5, 2.5, 3.0) << '\n'; // 7.0

    std::string s = "hello";
    report_size(s);  // Size: 5
    std::vector<int> v{1, 2, 3};
    report_size(v);  // Size: 3
}

#include <concepts>
#include <iostream>

// Method 1: Concept as template parameter constraint
template <std::integral T>
T gcd(T a, T b) {
    while (b != 0) {
        T temp = b;
        b = a % b;
        a = temp;
    }
    return a;
}

// Method 2: requires clause after template parameters
template <typename T>
    requires std::integral<T>
T lcm(T a, T b) {
    return (a / gcd(a, b)) * b;
}

// Method 3: Trailing requires clause
template <typename T>
T absolute(T value) requires std::signed_integral<T> {
    return value < 0 ? -value : value;
}

// Method 4: Abbreviated function template (Concept auto)
void print_integral(std::integral auto value) {
    std::cout << "Integral: " << value << '\n';
}

// Concept auto works for return types too (C++20)
std::integral auto compute() {
    return 42;  // must return an integral type
}

int main() {
    std::cout << gcd(12, 8)       << '\n'; // 4
    std::cout << lcm(12, 8)       << '\n'; // 24
    std::cout << absolute(-42)    << '\n'; // 42
    print_integral(100);                    // Integral: 100
    // print_integral(3.14);  // ERROR: constraint not satisfied
}

#include <concepts>
#include <iostream>

// Concept hierarchy: sorted_range is "more specific" than range
template <typename T>
concept Printable = requires(std::ostream& os, const T& t) {
    { os << t };
};

template <typename T>
concept PrintableNumber = Printable<T> && std::integral<T>;

// Less constrained overload
template <Printable T>
void display(const T& value) {
    std::cout << "[generic] " << value << '\n';
}

// More constrained overload — subsumes Printable
template <PrintableNumber T>
void display(const T& value) {
    std::cout << "[number] " << value << '\n';
}

int main() {
    display(42);              // [number] 42 — PrintableNumber is more specific
    display(std::string("hi")); // [generic] hi — only Printable matches
    display(3.14);            // [generic] 3.14 — not integral
}

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

// Ad-hoc constraint without naming a concept
template <typename T>
    requires requires(T a, T b) {
        { a + b } -> std::same_as<T>;
    }
T add(T a, T b) {
    return a + b;
}

// Equivalent named concept (preferred for readability)
template <typename T>
concept AddableToSelf = requires(T a, T b) {
    { a + b } -> std::same_as<T>;
};

template <AddableToSelf T>
T add_named(T a, T b) {
    return a + b;
}

int main() {
    std::cout << add(1, 2)                << '\n'; // 3
    std::cout << add(std::string("a"), std::string("b")) << '\n'; // ab
    std::cout << add_named(10, 20)        << '\n'; // 30
}