动态内存：new、delete 及其危险

#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>

struct Widget {
    int id;
    Widget(int i) : id(i) { std::cout << "Widget " << id << " created\n"; }
    ~Widget() { std::cout << "Widget " << id << " destroyed\n"; }
};

int main() {
    // Single object
    Widget* w = new Widget(1);
    std::cout << "Using widget " << w->id << '\n';
    delete w;  // destructor called, memory freed

    // Array
    Widget* arr = new Widget[3]{{10}, {20}, {30}};
    for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
        std::cout << arr[i].id << ' ';
    std::cout << '\n';
    delete[] arr;  // MUST use delete[] for new[]

    // UNDEFINED BEHAVIOR — don't do these:
    // delete arr;      // wrong: used delete instead of delete[]
    // delete[] w;      // wrong: used delete[] instead of delete
}

#include <iostream>
#include <new>       // required for placement new
#include <cstddef>   // std::byte
#include <memory>    // std::align

struct Sensor {
    int id;
    double reading;
    Sensor(int i, double r) : id(i), reading(r) {
        std::cout << "Sensor " << id << " init\n";
    }
    ~Sensor() { std::cout << "Sensor " << id << " shutdown\n"; }
};

int main() {
    // Pre-allocate raw storage (aligned)
    alignas(Sensor) std::byte buffer[sizeof(Sensor)];

    // Construct in pre-allocated memory
    Sensor* s = new (buffer) Sensor(42, 3.14);
    std::cout << "Reading: " << s->reading << '\n';

    // Must destroy explicitly — do NOT use delete
    s->~Sensor();  // explicit destructor call
    // delete s;    // WRONG — memory was not allocated by new
}